TITLE OF THE DATA SET An Updated Global Grid Point Surface Air Temperature Anomaly Data Set: 1851-1990 DATA CONTRIBUTORS P. D. Jones S. C. B. Raper B. S. G. Cherry C. M. Goodess T. M. L. Wigley B. Santer P. M. Kelly Climatic Research Unit University of East Anglia Norwich, United Kingdom R. S. Bradley University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts H. F. Diaz National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Research Laboratories Boulder, Colorado DOI: 10.3334/CDIAC/cli.ndp020 SOURCE AND SCOPE OF THE DATA The data files included in this subdirectory provide gridded surface air temperature anomaly data for a total of 486 grid cells in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (latitudes from 85N to 60S), and an additional 100 grid cells in the Antarctic (latitudes from 65S to 85S). Each grid cell represents an area of 5 degrees latitude by 10 degrees longitude. These data are derived from temperature records of land-based stations for the period 1851- 1990, except for the Antarctic data, where the period is 1957-1990. The gridded data are departures (anomalies) from the station means for each month over the 1951-1970 reference period, or, for the Antarctic data, the 1957-1975 reference period. It was necessary to reduce all the station data to anomalies because of different station elevations and, to a lesser extent, different observation times. The primary sources of these data are the World Weather Records (WWR), published by the Smithsonian Institution and the U.S. Weather Bureau, the archives of the United Kingdom Meteorological Office, and the Monthly Climatic Data for the World, published by the National Climatic Data Center (Ashville, North Carolina). Additional sources are described in Bradley et al. (1985) and in Jones et al. (1985, 1986a, 1986c, 1986d). The present updated version of this data set is identical to the earlier version (Jones et al. 1986b) for all records from 1851 through 1978. For the period 1979-1984, the present data set corrects erroneous data using satellite data for some sites and appends data for other sites by adding previously unavailable station data (Jones et al. 1988). The present package also adds monthly surface air temperature anomalies for the period 1985-1990, Antarctic monthly surface air temperature anomalies for the period 1957-1990, as well as the monthly mean temperature records for individual stations (Antarctic stations excluded) that were used to generate the set of gridded anomalies. Individual station data for the Antarctic (stations south of 62.5S) are not presented in this package but are given in Jones and Limbert (1989) and may be obtained free of charge from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. DATA FORMAT Fourteen files are provided in this subdirectory, including this documentation file (NDP020.TXT), four FORTRAN IV and four SAS data retrieval programs (RETRIEVL.FO* and RETRIEVL.SA*), three data files containing gridded surface air temperature anomalies (NHEM1990.ANO, SHEM1990.ANO, & ANT5790.ANO), and two files containing the monthly mean temperature records for individual stations (JONESNH.DAT and JONESSH.DAT). Gridded Anomaly Data, Northern Hemisphere The data file NHEM1990.ANO contains the gridded surface air temperature anomaly data for the Northern Hemisphere. The data in this file may be read and printed by using the FORTRAN code contained in the file RETRIEVL.FO1 or by using the SAS code contained in the file RETRIEVL.SA1. The data file is formatted in the following way: INTEGER I, J, YEAR, MONTH, ANOM(18), NSTA(18), IDIST(18) 10 READ (5,100,END=999) YEAR, MONTH DO 20 I=1,36 READ (5,200) (ANOM(J), J=1,18) 20 CONTINUE READ (5,100) YEAR, MONTH DO 30 I=1,36 READ (5,200) (NSTA(J), J=1,18) 30 CONTINUE READ (5,100) YEAR, MONTH DO 40 I=1,36 READ (5,200) (IDIST(J), J=1,18) 40 CONTINUE GOTO 10 100 FORMAT (20X,I4,4X,I2) 200 FORMAT (18(1X,I5)) where YEAR is the year of the data record being read; MONTH is the month of the data record being read; ANOM is the gridded surface air temperature anomaly in degrees Celsius, multiplied by 100; NSTA is the number of stations used to calculate the gridded anomaly; IDIST is 10,000 times the mean value (for all contributing stations) of the inverse of the great circle distance between the station and the grid point; I represents the data line being read (each of the 36 lines of data represents a 10 degree longitude band, centered on 0, 10E, 20E, ..., 170E, 180, 170W, ..., 10W); J represents the data column being read (each of the 18 columns of data represents a 5 degree latitude band, centered on 85N, 80N, ..., 5N, 0); Missing values for the temperature anomalies are represented by -9999. Missing values for the number of stations and mean inverse distances are represented by 0. Gridded Anomaly Data, Southern Hemisphere The data file SHEM1990.ANO contains the gridded surface air temperature anomaly data for the Southern Hemisphere. The data in this file may be read and printed by using the FORTRAN code contained in the file RETRIEVL.FO2 or by using the SAS code contained in the file RETRIEVL.SA2. The data file is formatted in the following way: INTEGER I, J, YEAR, MONTH, ANOM(12), NSTA(12), IDIST(12) 10 READ (5,100,END=999) YEAR, MONTH DO 20 I=1,36 READ (5,200) (ANOM(J), J=1,12) 20 CONTINUE READ (5,100) YEAR, MONTH DO 30 I=1,36 READ (5,200) (NSTA(J), J=1,12) 30 CONTINUE READ (5,100) YEAR, MONTH DO 40 I=1,36 READ (5,200) (IDIST(J), J=1,12) 40 CONTINUE GOTO 10 100 FORMAT (20X,I4,4X,I2) 200 FORMAT (12(1X,I5)) where YEAR is the year of the data record being read; MONTH is the month of the data record being read; ANOM is the gridded surface air temperature anomaly in degrees Celsius, multiplied by 100; NSTA is the number of stations used to calculate the gridded anomaly; IDIST is 10,000 times the mean value (for all contributing stations) of the inverse of the great circle distance between the station and the grid point; I represents the data line being read (each of the 36 lines of data represents a 10 degree longitude band, centered on 0, 10E, 20E, ..., 170E, 180, 170W, ..., 10W); J represents the data column being read (each of the 12 columns of data represents a 5 degree latitude band, centered on 5S, 10S, ..., 60S); Missing values for the temperature anomalies are represented by -9999. Missing values for the number of stations and mean inverse distances are represented by 0. Gridded Anomaly Data, Antarctic The data file ANT5790.ANO contains the gridded surface air temperature anomaly data (anomalies only -- no information concerning the number of stations and the mean inverse distances) for the Antarctic. The data in this file may be read and printed by using the FORTRAN code contained in the file RETRIEVL.FO3 or by using the SAS code contained in the file RETRIEVL.SA3. The data file is formatted in the following way: INTEGER I, J, YEAR, MONTH, ANOM(5) 10 READ (5,100,END=999) YEAR, MONTH DO 20 I=1,36 READ (5,200) (ANOM(J), J=1,5) 20 CONTINUE GOTO 10 100 FORMAT (20X,I4,4X,I2) 200 FORMAT (5(1X,I5)) where YEAR is the year of the data record being read; MONTH is the month of the data record being read; ANOM is the gridded surface air temperature anomaly in degrees Celsius, multiplied by 100; I represents the data line being read (each of the 36 lines of data represents a 10 degree longitude band, centered on 0, 10E, 20E, ..., 170E, 180, 170W, ..., 10W); J represents the data column being read (each of the 5 columns of data represents a 5 degree latitude band, centered on 65S, 70S, 75S, 80S, 85S); Missing values for the temperature anomalies are represented by -9999. Monthly Mean Temperature Data for Individual Stations The data files JONESNH.DAT and JONESSH.DAT contain the monthly mean temperature records for individual stations. The data in these files may be read and printed by using the FORTRAN code contained in the file RETRIEVL.FO4 or by using the SAS code contained in the file RETRIEVL.SA4. The data files are each formatted in the following way: INTEGER ID, LAT, LONG, ELEV, TYPE, STYEAR, ENDYEAR, 1 QCCODE, FRYEAR, J CHARACTER STATION*19, NATION*12, YEAR*4, TEMP(12)*4, 1 TMEAN*4 10 READ (5,500,END=100) ID, LAT, LONG, ELEV, STATION, NATION, 1 TYPE, STYEAR, ENDYEAR, QCCODE, FRYEAR YEAR='INIT' 20 IF (YEAR.EQ.' ') THEN GOTO 10 ELSE READ (5,600) YEAR, (TEMP(J),J=1,12), TMEAN GOTO 20 END IF 500 FORMAT (X,I6,X,I4,X,I5,X,I5,X,A19,X,A12,X,I1,X,I4,X,I4,X, 1 I2,X,I4) 600 FORMAT (X,A4,12(X,A4),2X,A4) where ID is the station identification number given by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO); LAT is the latitude of the station in decimal degrees (north is positive), multiplied by 10; LONG is the longitude of the station in decimal degrees (west is positive), multiplied by 10; ELEV is the elevation of the station in meters above sea level; STATION is the station name; NATION is the country in which the station is located; TYPE is an integer code whose value indicates whether data entries are temperature ('1') or precipitation ('2'); STYEAR is the first year for which temperature records are given; ENDYEAR is the most recent year for which temperature records are given; QCCODE is the quality control code (see Jones et al. 1985); FRYEAR is the first year for which reliable data are available (see Jones et al. 1985); YEAR is the year of the data record being read; TEMP is the monthly temperature value in degrees Celsius, multiplied by 10. Temperature values for Northern Hemisphere stations (File 13) have been corrected for inhomogeneities, while those for Southern Hemisphere stations (File 14) are uncorrected; J represents the data column being read. Each of the 12 columns of data represents the average temperature for one month (January - December); TMEAN is the mean of the 12 monthly temperatures in degrees Celsius, multiplied by 10; Missing values for the monthly temperatures are represented by -999. In cases where one or more monthly temperatures are missing, values for the mean of the 12 monthly temperatures are given as -999. Missing values for latitude and elevation are represented as -999. Missing values for longitude are represented as -1999. Missing values for first reliable year (FRYEAR) are represented as 0. JONESNH.DAT contains the monthly temperature data (corrected for inhomogeneities) for stations in the Northern Hemisphere (87.5N to 2.5S). JONESSH.DAT contains the monthly temperature data (uncorrected) for stations in the Southern Hemisphere (2.5S to 62.5S), with the following 5 stations missing: Masterton, New Zealand; Lincoln College, New Zealand; Cape Leeuwin, Australia; Cape Naturaliste, Australia; and Angururu, Australia. REFERENCES Bradley, R. S., P. M. Kelly, P. D. Jones, C. M. Goodess, and H. F. Diaz. 1985. A climatic data bank for Northern Hemisphere land areas, 1851-1980. DOE Technical Report No. TR017. U.S. Department of Energy, Carbon Dioxide Research Division, Washington, D.C. Jones, P. D., and D. W. S. Limbert. 1989. Antarctic surface temperature and pressure data. ORNL/CDIAC-27, NDP-032. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Jones, P. D., S. C. B. Raper, B. Santer, B. S. G. Cherry, C. M. Goodess, P. M. Kelly, T. M. L. Wigley, R. S. Bradley, and H. F. Diaz. 1985. A grid point surface air temperature data set for the Northern Hemisphere. DOE Technical Report No. TR022. U.S. Department of Energy, Carbon Dioxide Research Division, Washington, D.C. Jones, P. D., S. C. B. Raper, R. S. Bradley, H. F. Diaz, P. M. Kelly, and T. M. L. Wigley. 1986a. Northern Hemisphere surface air temperature variations: 1851-1984. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 25:161-79. Jones, P. D., S. C. B. Raper, B. S. G. Cherry, C. M. Goodess, T. M. L. Wigley, B. Santer, P. M. Kelly, R. S. Bradley, and H. F. Diaz. 1986b. A global grid point surface air temperature data set: 1851-1984. NDP-020. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Jones, P. D., S. C. B. Raper, C. M. Goodess, B. S. G. Cherry, and T. M. L. Wigley. 1986c. A grid point surface air temperature data set for the Southern Hemisphere. DOE Technical Report No. TR027. U.S. Department of Energy, Carbon Dioxide Research Division, Washington, D.C. Jones, P. D., S. C. B. Raper, and T. M. L. Wigley. 1986d. Southern Hemisphere surface air temperature variations: 1851-1984. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 25:1213-1230. Jones, P. D., T. M. L. Wigley, G. Ohring, and A. Thomasell. 1988. Global-scale temperature changes to August 1987 and a comparison of satellite and conventional data, pp. 326-334 in Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Climate Diagnostics Workshop, Department of Microbiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, October 12-16, 1987. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Smithsonian Institution. 1927, 1935, 1947. World Weather Records. Miscellaneous Collections, Vols. 79, 90, 104. Washington, D.C. U.S. Weather Bureau. 1959-1982. World Weather Records. 1941-1950 (1361 pp.), 1951-1960 (Vols. 1-6), 1961-1970 (Vols. 1-6). U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.